Matt Might published the wonderful illustrated guide to a Ph.D. under CC. So I can use his graphics to explain my own theory of ignorance:
The left hand side of the graphics shows all human knowledge (the “outside” view) the right hand side shows how the person who has the knowledge percieves it (the “inside” view).
So let’s start of with the stuff you learn in elementary school: by the time you finish it, you know a tiny part of the whole of human knowledge (left hand side). From a subjective perspective (right hand side) you think you know a lot of the important things. The yellow area is the knowledge you suspect is out there somewhere: the stuff you elder siblings learn in high school or the stuff your parents know.

By the time you finish school, you know a bit more, and you are quite sure that you actually know more than is strictly necessary. So on the right hand side the yellow area still indicates your idea of how big the whole of human knowledge might be. And the black line encompasses the stuff you want to know – everything outside of it is unnecessary.

If you go on to college you specialize in one subject, and this subject fills you whole world. At this stage you actually forget a lot of the things you used to know: e.g. you loose the languages you learned in school but are not using any more. And you get more and more picky about the things you want to know: actually a lot of the stuff they try to teach you in college are not relevant at all!

Now, if you behave like all the other apes, you stop learning and just apply the knowledge you gained as a child. You will not know that you are ignorant (see white area on the left hand side) because your view of the world has shrunken down to the few things you have to know in your daily life.
Or, you could be one of those people with a special form of neoteny: one of those people who actually enjoy learning even as an adult, and just keep doing it and are intrested in all kinds of knowledge.

A surprising side effect of this is habit of learning: you will be aware of you ignorance – actually you will become more aware of it the more you learn.
(this blog post was inspired by Vipul Rawals Question on Quora: How can one develop a habit of learning?
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